1. If a shooter takes a successful shot at the same time as the umpire blows the whistle for time – is a goal scored?
Normally the answer depends on the following, stated as per Rule 15.1.iv.
"If the whistle for an interval or "time" is blown before the ball has passed completely through the ring, no goal is scored."So only if the ball has passed completely through the ring when the whistle is blown, a goal is scored. If a part of the ball is still above the ring when the whistle is blown, then no goal is scored. Simple as that.